In Search of Your Own Identity Essay Example for Free

In Search of Your Own Identity EssayAfter various writings by Richard Rodriguez and Octavio Paz, I confound come across several realizations. Who am I? Should I be a part of a solid ground and a system that does non value me, or should I be a part of a nation that does not ac sack outledge my existence? The linked States as a nation does not value me, and Mexico does not even know that I exist. These be difficult matters to discuss. We are all in lookup of our own identity. However, some of us are placed in a situation that buzz offs it very difficult and confusing to know or understand. I have always asked myself, Who am I? I should put it in more crude words, W present do I belong? After this specific question is asked, I begin to realize that I have hassles coming up with a response. My parents were born in Mexico, and thus, they are Mexican. Sometimes I feel I belong here in the United States, but other times I feel more attached to Mexico. I am a Mexican-the States n. However, I feel that I am denying in some way my heritage and my refining by saying that I am. I am denying my parents. I say that Im Mexican because in a sense I am. I am also an American. I am a Mexican-American. What do these terms put together demand?They should imply that the person is Mexican and American. The term Mexican-American is the very rationality why I find myself confused approximately who I really am. I expect to search for my own identity, which leads me to the purpose of this essay. Rodriguez and Paz have discussed this particular problem of identity. All three have different viewpoints. Some of their ideas are similar but mostly contradictory, peculiarly in the case of Rodriguez and Paz. As I was reading, I was equal to(p) to relate to what they had to say, and in a much bigger sense, I was able to understand and know who I am.I was able to find my self. According to Paz, self-discovery is most than anything realizing that we are alone. Paz argues that our cosmos or our identity passs a problem and a question. It becomes a problem because of several reasons. We except dont simply wake up one day and realize that we dont know who we are. There are individuals who are placed in difficult situations that allow for these questions to arise. For example, the migration of Mexicans to the United States is a situation that get out definitely cause some to question their identity.I fit in because if we had not moved to the United States, I would simply consider myself a Mexican without a doubt. Paz strongly argues that different circumstances are likely to nonplus different reactions. This migration is a circumstance that will bring about confusion among the Mexicans about who they really are. It is ironic how a few miles can bring about such a change in you. Personally, I have experiences such a confusion by simply moving twenty miles North of where I lived. I lived in Reynosa since I was eight. Then, my family and I moved here to McAllen. At the beginning, you dont feel quite like you fit.It makes it very difficult because it is a completely different world. Even though the majority of the mass are of Mexican origin, it still makes it very hard. After the age, I became somewhat used to the biography here and began to feel comfortable. However, I also began to question my identity. It is the moment we cross that border that we lose our identity. Paz argues that instead of asking ourselves questions, we should do something about it. We cannot go on contemplating who we are, rather, we should work with our situation and do something. Our questions are tho an excuse for not facing reality.I agree with Paz because sometimes, we continue to complain and complain and simply pretend about our present situation. However, we do nothing to change it. I believe that Mexican-Americans need to stop talking about our injustices and discrimination and do something. However, Paz does mention that Mexicans have an inferi ority complex. We begin to doubt our own abilities. This happens because of our culture. We are taught to listen and stay quiet. On the other hand, Anglo-Americans are taught to voice their opinions. There are many differences in both the Anglo-American culture and Mexican culture.These differences are the reason why it is impossible to blend or mix. We are brought into a culture that is the complete opposite of ours. This is the reason why Paz says that our Mexicanism simply floats. It never exists, and it never goes away. One of the ways we react to this situation is by flaunting our differences. Paz talks about pachucos. They are a group of lot of Mexican origin that are cognise for their language, behavior, and clothing. I remember when I went to high school and we had a pep rally, which landed right on family line 16, which is Mexicos independence.A group of friends and I decided to wear red, white, and green to celebrate Mexicos independence. We were simply soaring of bein g Mexicans and wanted to pose our pride. However, on that point were problems with several of the administrators because it wasnt just my friends and I doing it, but other people as well. The pep rally was canceled because they felt that our clothing would distract and cause meshing with the other American students in school. As I was reading Paz, he mentioned that Mexicans dress a certain way to stand out. They know they are jilted by the American society.They do this to be different and stand out. The disguise is a protection because it hides and points them out. Somehow, they are doing this to belong in some way. They are able to catch the attention of the Anglo-Americans. I dont agree with Paz. I believe that sometimes people dress a certain way to show their pride. I do not dress a certain way to be different and so people can notice me. I am proud to be Mexican and want to show it off. When fourth of July comes, I also like to dress in red, white and blue to celebrate Amer icas independence. Is this possible or am I being a hypocrite?This question leads me to Richard Rodriguez. Richard Rodriguez Hunger of memory is an autobiography. I was able to read only part of his book. I found it quite fascinating. Rodriguez goes through many problems of identity. He has mixed feelings about his own self. He mainly talks about favorable action. What does the term minority student mean? Is it something we want to be classified as? I had an experience in high school in which a student denied a part of himself. His mother is Anglo and his father is Mexican. However, throughout school, when it was time to check on the ethnicity, he would check out Anglo.He did this throughout his years in school, but when it was his senior year something happened. He decided to go talk to his counselor and tell her to change all his paperwork. He no overnight wanted to be classified as Anglo, but Hispanic. When I heard this, it was very surprising. I cannot understand how this part icular person decided to simply become Hispanic just so he could get the benefits of affirmative action. He was applying to scholarships and various universities, and he knew that if he was classified as a minority student, he would receive better benefits.This is not right. You cannot simply choose to be Hispanic for your convenience. You should not reject a part of yourself simply for your own benefits. Rodriguez faced this dilemma. He knew that he did not want to be labeled a minority student, but if this is what was going to get him in society, then he simply had to accept. end-to-end life, Rodriguez wondered about his identity. He was criticized by many because he was a well-known writer who was invited as a guest speaker. He would be around Anglo-Americans, and many criticized him because they felt he had become a part of them.Is this really true? Isnt your identity how you see yourself? Just because other people see you being around another class or race of people, doesnt me an that you have become a part of them. You simply know that you are Mexican, American, or Mexican-American, and blending with other cultures doesnt necessarily mean you lose your true self. Because of affirmative action, Rodriguez was able to be a guest speaker, and a professor at a university. He felt threatened at times because the felt somewhat alienated by the other society.Rodriguez did not have a well-grounded relationship with the Chicano students. He felt threatened by them. These students were still attached to their parents culture. These students knew how to speak Spanish very well. They were proud of their past. Rodriguez on the other hand, spoke in English. His Spanish was not that well. He did not want to associate himself to a past that meant poor. There was one specific time when Rodriguez parents saw a Hispanic student wearing a sarape. They were very surprised. Rodriguez said that these students were foolish to think themselves unchanged by their schooling.I disa gree with Rodriguez because I believe that just because you are getting a higher(prenominal) education and have a good job, you forget that you are Hispanic or Mexican-American. Rodriguez simply wanted to vindicate his own change. He did not want to belong or keep a bond between a past that did not bring sensitive memories. He was not as disadvantaged as other Hispanics. However, he felt very strongly about not going to Chicano student meetings or social events sponsored by La Raza. I dont agree with him. After reading this, I realised that he is wrong. I am proud to be Mexican-American.I am proud to carry the term Mexican and American. I am proud of my Mexican culture, customs, and beliefs. I dont need to change in order to succeed or attain a higher education. Rodriguez suddenly came to this realization. He could not simply cast out his culture and simply erase it. At some point, he had a discussion with his several Hispanic students in which he did not agree with them. Soon, he was known to others as being a coconut, brown on the outside, white on the inside. I have learned many things this semester. I had not really disposed much thought Mexican-American history.I never realized about the various things that were discussed. It was an eye opener. I was also able to realize of the many problems and injustices that Hispanics face here in the United States. However, just like Paz said, we cannot simply contemplate these issues. We need to do something about them. I am attending college to receive a higher education. I know that education is extremely important. However, I am not losing my identity by coming to college. Getting an education does not necessarily make you a different person. I dont agree with Rodriguezs viewpoint.After reading Paz and Rodriguez, I began to see myself in some of what they had to say. I realized that I have gone through a confusion stage. I sometimes dont know where I belong or who I am. I have come to the death that I am si mply American. America is a nation filled with various ethnic groups. Hispanics include people from Mexico, Honduras, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, etc. There are also many Asians. I often ask myself why people from Ireland living here in America arent labeled Irish-American. They are simply American. Why then should we be labeled Mexican-American?Cant we simply be called American? I have come to the conclusion that I am American. American can mean different things to different people. To me American means being a part of Mexico as well as the United States. I consider myself a lucky person. I am able to be have the best of both worlds Mexico and the United States. Tomorrow, I will celebrate Mothers Day here in the United States and Monday it will be 10 de mayo, Dia de las Madres in Mexico. My mom is very lucky. She gets two gifts. I dont believe that I am being a hypocrite by doing this. These are some of the advantages of being American.

Fgm Human Rights Voilation Essay Example for Free

Fgm Human Rights Voilation EssayPractices are mostly carried out on preteen girls just abouttime between infancy and age 15, and occasionally on adult women. In Africa, about three million girls are at risk for FGM annually. An estimated cxl million girls and women worldwide are living with the consequences of FGM. In Africa, about 92 million girls age 10 years and above are estimated to have undergone FGM. The institutionalise is most common in the western, eastern, and north-eastern regions of Africa, in just about countries in Asia and the Middle East, and among migrants from these areas. FGM is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women.It reflects deep-rooted divergence between the sexes, and constitutes an intense form of discrimination against women. It is nearly always carried out on minors and is a violation of the rights of children. The practice also violates a persons rights to wellness, security system and physical integr ity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death. The causes of female genital mutilation admit a mix of cultural, religious and social factors within families and communities.Where FGM is a social convention, the social pressure to conform to what others do and have been doing is a strong need to perpetuate the practice. FGM is often considered a necessary part of raising a girl properly, and a way to prepare her for adulthood and marriage. FGM is often motivated by beliefs about what is considered proper sexual behaviour, linking procedures to premarital virginity and marital fidelity. FGM is in many communities believed to reduce a womans libido and therefore believed to help her resist illicit sexual acts.When a vaginal opening is covered or narrowed (type 3 above), the fear of the pain of opening it, and the fear that this will be found out, is expected to get along discourage illicit sexual intercourse among women with this type of FGM. FGM is associated with cultural ideals of femininity and modesty, which include the notion that girls are clean and beautiful after removal of soundbox parts that are considered male or unclean. Though no religious scripts prescribe the practice, practitioners often believe the practice has religious support.Religious leaders sign varying positions with regard to FGM some promote it, some consider it irrelevant to religion, and others contribute to its elimination. Local structures of power and authority, such as community leaders, religious leaders, circumcisers, and stock-still some medical personnel can contribute to upholding the practice. In most societies, FGM is considered a cultural tradition, which is often used as an argument for its continuation. In some societies, recent adoption of the practice is linked to copying the traditions of neighbouring groups.Sometimes it has started as part of a wider religious or tradi tional revival movement. In some societies, FGM is practised by new groups when they move into areas where the local population practice FGM. In 1997, WHO issued a joint statement with the fall in Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) against the practice of FGM. A new statement, with wider United Nations support, was then issued in February 2008 to support increased protagonism for the abandonment of FGM. The 2008 statement documents evidence self-possessed over the past decade about the practice.It highlights the increased recognition of the human rights and legal dimensions of the problem and provides data on the frequency and scope of FGM. It also summarizes interrogation about why FGM continues, how to stop it, and its damaging effects on the health of women, girls and newborn babies. In 2010 WHO published a Global strategy to stop health care providers from performing female genital mutilation in collaboration with other key UN agenc ies and international organizations. Since 1997, great efforts have been made to counteract FGM, through research, call on within communities, and changes in public policy.Progress at both international and local levels includeswider international involvement to stop FGMthe development of international monitoring bodies and roots that correct the practicerevised legal frameworks and growing political support to end FGM (this includes a law against FGM in 22 African countries, and in several states in two other countries, as well as 12 industrialized countries with migrant populations from FGM practicing countries)in most countries, the prevalence of FGM has decreased, and an increasing number of women and men in practising communities support ending its practice.Research shows that, if practising communities themselves decide to abandon FGM, the practice can be eliminated very rapidly. In 2008, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution (WHA61. 16) on the elimination of FGM, e mphasizing the need for concerted action in all sectors health, education, finance, justice and womens affairs.WHO efforts to eliminate female genital mutilation focus onadvocacy developing publications and advocacy tools for international, regional and local efforts to end FGM within a generation research generating knowledge about the causes and consequences of the practice, how to eliminate it, and how to care for those who have see FGM guidance for health systems developing training materials and guidelines for health professionals to help them treat and counsel women who have undergone procedures.WHO is particularly concerned about the increasing trend for medically trained personnel to perform FGM. WHO strongly urges health professionals not to perform such procedures.

A Study of Change Management in Coca Cola

A Study of adjustment Management in coca genus weedIntroductionAccording to a Greek philosopher Heraclitus there is nonhing permanent than revision. He rememberd that metamorphose is the core of universe. This quote describes the importance of managing substitute in adult male as well as establishmental life.A structured approach to transfer fundamental law, its people and marches from current enounce to a desired future state is called change attention. This process gives employees the ability to accept changes in the existing milieu of the course. Change understructure be of different type for example, change in technology, trading operations or strategies etc. ac partnership needs to utilize individual strategies to cope with each type of change.Organizations need to change and adopt dynamic survival strategies to bide alive in uncertain political, social and economic environment (Hiatt and Creasy, 2003). All environmental factors present in the nature experie nce change on never-ending basis. Human nature resists change, so managing that resistance requires well planned change management strategies.This report is aimed at describing the importance of change management for organization its motives and objectives, change management processes, how companion can involve all the stakeholders for successful implantation of change management and the strategies that an organization can adopt to implement the successful change.Reasons for adopting changeOrganizations need change for the following reasonsTo respond to the rapidly changing environmentTo improve the overall executing of the companyTo rapidly respond to the customers demandsTo improve the dominance and efficiencyTo increase the employee performanceTo create the best practices inside the organization and setting standards for the industryTo improve profitability and return on overall enthronisationChange management is needed for organizational survival. So the company should adop t to change management techniques in order to maintain its worth in the industry. enormousness of change managementIn a study 327 project managers had responded to the question that if you had a chance to do it a get together, what would you do differently? Most of them responded that we will implement an effective change management program planned behavior before starting the project. This study highlights the importance of change management in an organizational perspective. Change management moderates the risks that can cause failure (Jeff and Creasey, 2003).The change management processChange management is macrocosm studied by the philosophers, researchers and crinkle experts for many years. A number of change management theories, approaches and philosophies be pay backed by psychologists and management professionals to implement successful change in the organization (Paton and MacCalman, 2008). There be one-third patterns of change management i.e. preparing for change, m anaging change and reinforcing change. Preparation for change phase embarrasss assessment of change capabilities and capacity and developing a strategy that fit to those capabilities. Second phase i.e. managing change phase includes processes like planning and implementation of strategies made in the first phase. Last phase which is the reinforcement of change includes the processes like collection and analyzing of feedback data, determination out gaps and coping with determined degree of resistance from inside and outside the organization and taking corrective actions to successfully conclude the change management process (change management learning center, 1996-2011).Change managementA case of Coca Cola lodgeCoca Cola is a retailer, marketer and manufacturer of non-alcoholic drinks and is known worldwide for it coca gage beverage. In addition to its coca skunk brand, Coca Cola Company offers 500 beverages and non beverages brands in rough two hundred countries. The company was founded by Asa Candler in year 1892. Its headquarter is located in Atlanta, Georgia of United States of America. The company had lend net income of approximately 11.8 billion US dollars in year 2010 with total number of employees 139,600 worldwide. Companys brand i.e. Coca Cola stands number one in the list of most well known brands of the world (Coca Cola company, 2006-2011).Coca Cola is a type of company that requires making changes in its products and business strategies according to the consumer expectations and external environment. Here in this study we would quote different examples from coca cola corporations history and will examine that what were the triggering events for opting the change and what strategies the company developed and use in order to successfully going through and through the transitioning process.Coca Cola Corporation is among one of the oldest corporations of the world. It has gone through many internal and external changes since it has been in exi stence. The company has used techniques of change management in order to survive from the consequences of those events.The company has faced a lot of external changes, for example in world war II, the company was able to manage its existing position at that beat and also entered in many tender markets and discovered new niches. The company established 64 plants across the world to supply drinks to the troops (Coca Cola company, 2006-2011). The company also provided free drinks to soldiers which were the part of its strategy to become a patriotic symbol for the people of the country. Also it boosted the sales, so the company achieved two objectives by conservatively planning to respond to that external environmental change. The plants developed by the company in war era helped its expansion after the war.Barton et al (2002) reported that Coca Cola Corporation adopted acquisition strategy in time of Asian financial crisis. The company acquired bottling, coffee and tea shop business es in Korea and Malaysia. beverage is a type of industry where tastes and preferences of the consumers change on continuous basis. Coca Cola Company also responded to such consumer changing behaviors in effective way by developing new products like Diet Coke and Coca Cola Zero. The company also committed a marketing blender when a rival company launched a black beverage with comparatively sweet and smooth taste. The product was named as new Coke. But the sales gradually went floor and company faced severe consumer critics and protests. The company managed this situation precise commendably by restoring the old formula and naming the bottle as diet coke (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). As people are becoming more health conscious and willing to invest on health based products, coca cola is developing juices and respective(a) energy drinks as well. This shows the companys strategy to responding varying consumer tastes and expectations and changing itself according to it.The coco cola company used theory of organization change presented by Kotler (1996) which lucubrate the procedure to manage change on the people dimension of the organization. The well known CEO of coca cola Corporation Mr. Gouizetta who remained CEO of the company for cardinal years determined and solved the problem in manufacturing of drinks. He was the key man in revising coca colas operations and tailoring strategies that helped the company stand high among its competitors. He achieved objectives of the firm by planning and leading the tasks by himself and provided an inspirational leadership to the employees. He was the one who appointed talented human election like Ivester who took great part in covering the weaknesses and exploiting the opportunities for the company (The Coca-Cola company case. n.d.).In addition to making operational and strategic changes, the company also changed its publicizing strategy by targeting miscellaneous groups of consumers like American consumers. Africa n consumers, Middle and far eastern consumers and European consumers. The company altered the packaging of its coca cola brand and developed more product lines and broadened them globally (The Coca-Cola company case. n.d.).The present condition of coca cola company worldwide is very life-threatening. The company is sell its beverages throughout the world successfully. But in some countries, coca cola stores are not as according to the companys main marketing, inventory and efficiency theme. The company is planning to align its performance standards according to its own corporate culture and strategies with the help of a comprehensive change management plan. These changes will be implemented within the business operations and management of the company.CHANGE MANAGEMENT AT COCA COLAEmployee engagementThe recent change management at coca cola is directed towards the intrinsic values and motivations of the employees and can be referred to as employee engagement. The change management process, together with internal branding programs is expected to bring about ideal behaviors in employees, which would align the operations of coca cola worldwide, and bring about efficiency throughout coca cola across all its business segments.Coca cola hopes to bring about a thoroughly integrated organisation of communications, and focus on creating brand relationships with their employees. This would enhance the operations of Coca cola, as an integrated approach would mean all employees believe in engaging fully in the values, and this would become an inherent part of the employees at a personal level.Coca-cola is actively seeking to incorporate the change into its company if the recent conference on internal branding and and employee engagement held in February,2011 by Robin Gee, gallery of Employee Engagement for Coca-Cola Refreshments (CCR) is any indication. Robin Gee is responsible for building capability in engagement, maintaining engagement momentum and ensuring that eng agement is integrated into CCRs people practices (Samdahl,2011).For this purpose, employee engagement surveys are conducted twice every year for all the coca cola associates, which serve to highlight the areas where action is required, and further actions and implementations can henceforth be executed.Coca-cola believes that their business results hinge on the dedication of their employees to operational excellence. The company truly recognizes the importance of the people to the business, and knows that to continue to bring about tremendous results it is bringing in, employees throughout the world should believe in the values intrinsically, and therefore the employee engagement is being focused on all the countries the company serves to align thoroughly integrate and align the company so that operational efficiency can be achieved.Importance of change to coca colaEmployee engagement is very significant to all segments of operations at coca-cola and has translated into performance i n areas where employee engagement is higher.For coca-cola, an engaged workforce meansA more committed workforceEmployee performance aligned with organizational objectivesEmployees have a trim idea of what is expected of them and what are the deliverablesCustomer experience focus an inherent part of employees values, who strives to provide a better experience to the customers. Customer focus was place as a central tenant of the multi-year engagement strategy to be implemented in 2011( Gee,2011)When employees are aligned with company goals, they themselves adopt a proactive approach towards issues such as waste eliminationEmployees awareness gives them a voice which helps to influence legislations at local levelsAn integrated system of communication is very helpful in the volatile and dynamic markets of today, where conditions change very often and the company has to be responsive at all timesTherefore, for all the business segment of coca-cola wherever they are located across the world, the change towards employee engagement is justified if they have to reap the fruits gained by an effective system of integration.Ensuring the Involvement of indispensable StakeholdersCoca Cola Company can use two change management tools to make sure that all people who are required to be the part of change management process. These tools are Force Field analysis and AKADAR model. Force field analysis is a technique developed by Kurt Lewin to take stock the forces that are causing an opposition to change process (Bass, 2009). By doing Force Field Analysis, Coca Cola Company will be able to inductpeople who are in need of appropriate training. Anothr useful tool is AKADAR model which stands for Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability and Reinforcement. Through AKDAR model, firm creates awareness about the need of change, generate desire in the people to help in transitioning process, give knowledge to the people that how they can help the change process, develop an ability in t he people to go through the change and provide them with continuous reinforcement to withstand the change (CMLR, 2011).Ensuring that change is successfulSome considerations that will facilitate the change management process includeproductive and consequential dialogues and talks with employee representativesOnline and paper surveys from all the stakeholders involved in the change throughout the world, and with associates to gain an insight on their perceptionsEffective communication at this stage for informing the stakeholders the reasons for change and the benefits it would bringOvercoming the inertia by taking all stakeholders in confidence. The surveys can serve as a pre requisite to gain an insight on the stakeholder perspectiveDetails of the action planning process communicated to all those who would initiate the changeRecommendations for Coca Cola CompanyIn the volatile dynamics with which companies operate today, change in inevitable. Therefore, the focus should not be on avo iding change, rather bringing about a smooth transition towards the new change by communication about the change, and ensuring all parties of the change that it is for the best of all those involved. To successfully implement organizational change of any nature, a special(prenominal) regards to organizational structure, design, culture, management and leadership is required to see whether the change would make a best fit with the organizational goals and objectives.First of all the company should mold the core problems exist in the company for the change management. The company may develop a change management program for responding to financially uncertain environment of the world. It can also develop change management programs for better operations and logistics. The company can introduce new procedures and technological systems to carry out operations. Programs can be introduced in forms changing companys mission and corporate culture enhancements. For all that, the most essenti al thing is to train upper management to provide them with particularized skills necessary to effectively going through the transitioning process. Following is the brief expression of plans that the company can adopt.Systems thinkingSystems thinking can be used to pull back the successful change in the organization. The model is based on an integrative and interactive open system which consists of the variables, attributes, internal relations and environment. The system is based on characteristics like wholeness, interdependence, chain of influence, need for balance and adaptability etc in an open system where communication is seen as an integrated process that facilitates change within the organization.Several system characteristics are wholeness and interdependence (the whole is more than the sum of all parts), correlations, perceiving causes, chain of influence, hierarchy, suprasystems and subsystems, self-regulation and control, goal-oriented, interchange with the environment, inputs/outputs, the need for balance/homeostasis, change and adaptability (morphogenesis) and equifinality there are various ways to achieve goals. Different types of networks are line, commune, hierarchy and dictator networks. Communication in this perspective can be seen as an integrated process not as an isolated event.Establishing new structureIt is a well known fact that Coca Cola Corporation was a entrepreneurial venture started by one person who bought the formula from another firm and laid foundations of that beverages manufacturing firm. Current structure of the coca cola company is simple with minimal labor and management division. New system that can be adopted by the company may be the machine bureaucracy which Henry Mintzberg (1992) defined as an organization with clearly defined hierarchy, well defined area of operations, standard operating procedures, proper rules and regulations, well division of labor, formal relationships among the member of organization, central ized decision making, technological competence and standardization of work.Reducing employee defianceOpposition of change is a common human behavior. Particularly, in the workplace people resist the change in organizational culture, structure and policies. But in order to successfully and effectively implement the change management program, it is important for Coca Cola Company that it should develop strategies to reduce employee defiance to change.Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) explained six strategies which can be useful for coca cola Company in employee defiance management. First strategy is to involve the employee in change process and make them participate as far as they can. Second strategy is to communicate the change management programs to the people effectively as educate them about the benefits the programs would bring. This will make them comfortable in adopting the change. Third strategy is negotiation and agreement. The company should create a consensus on important cha nge issues and with the agreement of all important stakeholders it should launch the change management program. The resistance level will be zero on change programs that are being launched with the mutual agreement of all relevant stakeholders. Fourth strategy is that to support the employees who are due to some disability or emotional or psychological issue or some other threat unable to adapt to the change. If the company develops and proper channel to feel such people taken negociate of, they would adjust gradually to the change management program. In case of failure of above mentioned four strategies, company can manipulate the employees by calling coalescency leader other relevant ones as fifth strategy. Sixth strategy is to force the employees with articulate or non-articulate methods but this is not a very good approach.ConclusionTo conclude, it may be said that communication can be a key element to successful change management. Communicate the changes to the employees, tel l them why the change was inevitable and how they will benefit from the change. The management should itself adopt a positive attitude towards the change so that employees can follow their lead and acceptable the change. Coca-cola as a company has a heritage of embracing change rather than resist it and it should translate into their future endeavors towards change management to ensure that the organization is best poised to market and environmental conditions.

Relationship Between Naxalism and Psychology

Relationship Between Naxalism and PsychologyGeneral mental proceeding is as old as war. It has formed a part of the conflict shutd experience process since the ancient times. CH Brewitt Taylor in his translation of a Chines text as San Kuo or Romance of the trine kingdom, observes that, as early as in AD 2000 a multitude of pro Han loyalists combined basic elements of psychological instrument, in conflict re antecedent. Kautalya and Sun Tzu in addition enumerated the importance of psychology as an instrument of war. hotshot could in any case postulate that the institution of reward and punishments, in amongst other things, as being a psychological motivator.Naxalism on the other hand is basically approximately convincing people by psychological means using violence or threat of violence as a tool. It belongs in the realms of psychological and psychic attitude of all the people involved. Thus, when naxals perpetuate violence they expect reactions of all concerned. If reaction s atomic number 18 non forthcoming, naxalism forget collapse for want of effect. This is an all oversimplification of a solution for naxalism. Actions, violent or otherwise, are bound to elicit reactions from the victims, the on hearers or the sate apparatus. The question than is what should be the reaction to naxal acts? season no single method is potential to yield results, psychological operations would devour a major encroachment. The fact that naxalism is a conundrum in the psychological devicee, the solution should also lie in the same plane.The naxals dos violence for propaganda and in turn the government seeks to control naxalism through repressive means. The collateral consequence is the public displeasure. What collects to be considered is that the very genius of naxal violence often seems forbid reproductive in that it tends to strengthen resistance, provide public come to the forerage and dislike, generate strong public learning of naxals to be inhuman, wh ich at a lower placemines the naxals claims to legitimacy. Therefore, at a lower placestanding the naxals, the victims, the onlookers and the counter terrorist force from the psychological point of view becomes important. Consequently, counter propaganda campaign and other psychological operations assume primacy to brinytain or extend support to the politics and diminish that for the naxals.Statement of the ProblemNaxalism has wide spread in last five years in a big way posing a majorchallenge to our national security department. In addition to relentless anti Naxaloperations being under pick outn and cultivation of affected areas in that respect is a needfor perception management of all key players involved by employing suitablepsychological operation themes so as to cut off local support to the Naxalitesthere by forcing them to give up arms and join the national mainstream.This dissertation will seek to establish the linkages between naxalism and psychology with a view to discountvass impact of psychological operations on dealings with naxalismJustification for the StudyNaxalism today has gained universality. This social plague while sensible in most(prenominal) of its manifestations is genuinely firmly entrenched in the mental plane. Responses to naxalism, curiously in the Indian context, have been unstructured without a long-term design. The issue has been viewed either as a law and pasture worry or in the other end of the spectrum, as a political problem.Added to the complexity of naxalism, we have today in our country, on going war like low speciality conflict in J K, insurgency in the Northeast and political groups of Naxalites and fundamental organisations like SIMI. However, our solvent to each of these groups has been identical repressive measures. No effort is made to understand the ideology of the groups. A clear understanding of the cause of the groups and characteristics of each would enable drill of distinct system to combat them.ScopeThe dissertation will lay emphasis on naxalism and its field of influence. It is presumed that the dictates of psychological operations, with minor modifications would find application in all other forms of terrorism.HYPOTHESISEmployment of suitable psychological Operation Themes for perception management of all key players in addition to relentless use of force and growth activities is the key to solving the problem of Naxalism in India.PreviewThe dissertation will endeavour to establish the correlation of naxalism and psychological dimensions of naxals. Having done so, the impact and importance of psychological operations on combating naxalites will be crystallised. The study will encompass (a) Analyses of reasons for spread of Naxalism.(b) Current strategy of establishment in dealing with Naxalism.(c) Identification of Targets for conduct of Psychological operations .(d) Suggested Themes.Sources of DataThe data used in this dissertation has been obtained from books an d magazines available in the College library and personal experiences of operating in Counter Insurgency environment.The bibliography is at appendix.CHAPTER 2Step by Step, almost imperceptibly, mankind has descended into the age of terror.Paul JohnsonGENESIS OF NAXALISMNaxalism derives its name from a small settlement Naxalbari in Siliguri District of West Bengal, where the oppressed landless farmers rose against the exploitation by the wealthy landlords. The Naxalites, despite theirideology, have over the years become honourable another terrorist outfit, extorting money from landowners. There are concerns that there is a plan to set up a Red Corridor or a Compact subverter Zone extending from Nepal , Bihar , Jharkhand , through the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh to Andhra Pradesh.A tracketic regime Policy Consolidation and Spread of the MovementThe Government, however, classified these as socio-economic and law and ordain problems and not as possible internal security threats. Thus, a myopic view of the issue was taken and long term effects or intentions of the movement were ignored. The formation of The commie Party of India (Maoist), an underground outfit on September 21, 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) and the Maoist Communist Centre(MCC) was the biggest breakthrough in recent times.The play below, displays the spread of Naxal bodily process in India from 55 districts in the middle of the year 2003. In addition to the 131 districts currently under the influence of the Naxalites, and the additional 34 districts that are being targeted by them, there are at least another 63 districts in the country variously afflicted by different patterns of cultural or communal terrorism and insurgency. This takes the number of districts afflicted by terrorism and insurgency to 228, out a total of 602 districts in the country. More than a three of the country is, consequently, suffering from high degrees of present or po tential disorder.CURRENT STATUSExpansion and ConsolidationA total of 39 left wg extremist gps are known to exist, of which the PWG and MCC are the two main gps. These two gps have maj ideological differences, yet in order to have greater influence and talk terms power they announced the merger on 21 Sep 04 to form the Communist Party of India CPI (Maoist). Naxalism has spread to 170 dists of 15 states in varying deg. It is esmt that CPI (Maoist) has approx 7000 cadres of which 3000 are hardcore and puff up trained in GW.Dandakaryna and AbhujmadhNaxalites op in the very heartland of India, known as the Dandakaryna region which spreads over Chhattisgarh, Orissa, AP, Maharastra and MP. The heart of this region is the thick woodsed area of Abhujmadh which is approx 10,000 sq kms. This area till date has not been surveyed by the Svy of India. Nearly 20,000 tribal families live in this area in 237 vills in the most primitive manner. There are no rds or electricity in this area. The Naxalites treat it as a totally liberated area and a great No. of trg and lgs camps are loc inside. It is the nerve centre of all Naxalite activities to incl Central Committee and Politburo mtgs.Compact Revolutionary Zone (CRZ)The Maoist of Nepal, PWG and MCC are determined to carve out what they call as the CRZ extending from Nepal through Bihar and then to Dandakaryna region upto Tamil Nadu to give them access to Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. This Red corridor is characterized by thick jungles, tribal belts and under devp region spread over nearly 13 states of the country and Nepal. The Naxalites and Maoists of Nepal use this corridor for mov of arms and est of trg and rest camps.FACTORS SUSTAINING THE MOVIn order to find a response to the problem of Naxalism, it is essential to understand the fundamental causes and the factors which are sustaining the mov.Land Reforms. Majority of the people emp in agriculture are landless and poor, they aspire to possess land and this has res ulted in a struggle against the rich and powerful landlords. Naxalites exploit this sentiment and have found favour among the tribals.Ideology. The ideology maneuvers at two levels -(a) The Informed and Knowledgeable. The well educated and knowledgeable join the mov attracted by the Marxist, Leninist and Maoist philosophy. They provide the ldrship.(b) The Instinctive Revolutionaries. Majority of the Naxals join the mov to find an escape from the oppression and expl at the hands of landlords, govt officials and law forces. These people constitute bulk of the cadre and are normally ignorant about ideology.tribal Policies. British adopted the policy of Isolation of Tribals in order to preserve their uniqueness and cultures but we continue to follow their policy in the name of preservation. This has led to neglect, under devp and expl of the tribals.New Forest Policy. The tone areas have been notified under Forest Regulatory Act thus denying the tribals their traditional means of s ustentation.Lack of Infrastructure Devp. The areas affected by the naxal mov are very rich in forest and mineral resources and yet has not seen any infrastructure devp. The lack of rds, brs, power, industry etc has left the area under devp and poor.Inadequate Governance. In many of these areas there is no governance at all. The civ adm just do not exist. The govt officials do not vis these areas and hence the grants, funds and schemes announced by the govt are never implemented. This has allowed the Naxalites to run a parallel govt in these areas. The prac of holding Jan Adalats, land distr, constr of irrigation facilities, tax collection by the Naxals is very common.Favourable Trn Jungles and Hills. The area selected by the Naxalites spreading from Nepal to Tamil Nadu is a thick forested. This makes the task of the legal philosophy forces that much difficult.Financial Sp. The CPI (Maoist) genr approx Rs 500 to Rs 700 crores annually. This money is spent on payment to its cadres, purchase of arms and amn, running of frontal org and institutions. The main source of funds is through extortion of wealthy industrialists, contractors, govt agencies and officials, looting of banks and by collecting taxes.RAMIFICATIONS OF NAXALITE PROBLEMNaxalism has the potential to become a major IS threat to India in the undermentioned four years, say by 2014, if serious efforts are not undertaken to challenge and eliminate it. The main reasons are-(a) Effects of Merger Fmn of CPI (Maoist). The merger will have following implications -(i) Larger Foot Print. CPI (Maoists) has now emerged as the dominant LWE gp. It is forcing the other 37 LWE gps to either join CPI (Maoist) or be prepared to be eliminated.(ii) Enhanced Bargaining Power. As a dominant gp, it will have a far greater bargaining power with the govts in states and centre and try to legitimize its existence, policies and representation.(iii) Credible Mil Wg. It is estimated that the merger would increase the cadre str from 7,000 to approx 12 to 14,000.(iv) Financial Str. The merger would have great impact on finances of the org taking it from 150 to 200 crores to nearly 700 crores annually.(b) Recognition and World Wide Visibility. The Naxals are trying desperately to find a voice in international forums so as to get world wide recognition and acceptance.(c) North South and East West Corridor. A disturbing, pattern emerges if one were to look at the districts currently under the influence of the Naxalites. They might soon gain a continuous presence along the length and breadth of the country and thus carve out a north-south and east-west corridor.naxalitPART 3 se Current strategy of Government in dealing with Naxalism.To fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence, supreme excellence consists in breaking the confrontations resistance without fightingSunTzuezpolicy comprise the following the Government will deal sternly with the naxalites n(ii) Keeping in view that naxalis m is not merely a law order problem, thepolicy of the Govt., is to address this menace simultaneously onstrategySTRATEGY TO DEAL WITH NAXALISMThe Government has a clearly defined policy to combat the challengeposed by the naxalite menace. This policy comprises the followingcomponents (i) The Government will deal sternly with the naxalites lenience inviolence.(ii) Keeping in view that naxalism is not merely a law order problem, thepolicy of the Govt., is to address this menace simultaneously onpolitical, security, development and public perception managementfronts in a holistic manner.(iii) Naxalism being an inter-state problem, the states will adopt a collectiveapproach and pursue a coordinate response to counter it.(iv) The states will need to further improve police response and pursueeffective and sustained police action against naxalites and theirinfrastructure singly and jointly.(v) There will be no peace dialogue by the affected states with the naxalgroups unless the latt er agree to give up violence and arms.(vi) Political parties essential strengthen their cadre base in naxal affected areasso that the potential youth there can be weaned away from the path ofnaxal ideology.(vii) The states from where naxal activity/influence, and not naxal violence,is reported should have a different approach with special focus onaccelerated socio-economic development of the backward areas andregular interaction with NGOs, intelligentia, courtly liberties groups etc.to minimize overground support for the naxalite ideology and activity.(viii) Efforts will continue to be made to promote voluntary local resistancegroups against naxalites but in a manner that the villagers are providedadequate security cover and the area is effectively dominated by thesecurity forces.(ix) Mass media should be extensively used to play up the futility of naxalideology and violence and loss of life and property caused by it anddevelopmental schemes of the Government in the affected area s so asto restore peoples faith and federal agency in the Government machinery.(x) The states should announce a suitable transfer policy for the naxalaffected districts. Willing, committed and competent officers will needto be posted with a stable tenure in the naxal affected districts. Theseofficers will also need to be given greater delegation and flexibility todeliver better and feeling up Government presence and above all improvegovernance in these areas.(xi) The Government of Andhra Pradesh has an effective surrender andrehabilitation policy for naxalites and has produced good results overthe years. The other states should adopt a similar policy.(xii) The State Governments will need to accord a higher priority in theirannual plans to ensure instant(prenominal) socio-economic development of the naxalaffected areas. The focus areas should be to distribute land to thelandless poor as part of the speedy implementation of land reforms,ensure development of physical infrastructure like roads,communication, power etc. and provide employment opportunities tothe youth in these areas.(xiii) Another related issue is that development activities are not undertakenin some of the naxalite affected areas mainly due to extortion, threat orfear from the naxalite cadres. In these areas, even contractors are notcoming forward to take up developmental work. Adequate security andother measures would need to be taken to facilitate uninterrupteddevelopmental activities in the naxal affected areas.(xiv) The Central Government will continue to supplement the efforts andresources of the affected states on both security and development frontsand brings about greater coordination between the states to victorfullytackle the problem.5. COUNTER MEASURESWhile the overall counter action by the affected states in terms of naxalites decimateed, arrested, surrendered and arms recovered from them has shown much better results in 2005, there is an urgent need to further improve and streng then police response particularly by the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Maharashtra by improving actionable intelligence collection and sharing mechanisms and strengthening their police forces on the pattern of Greyhounds in Andhra Pradesh. Even as the states of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to some extent, need to sustain their present momentum of effective counter action against the naxalites and their infrastructure.The Government has taken the following measures to control the naxal problem.Modernization of State police forceFunds are given to the States under the Police Modernization Scheme to modernize their police forces in terms of modern weaponry, latest communication equipment, mobility and other infrastructure. The naxal affected States have also been asked to identify vulnerable police stations and outposts in the naxal areas and take up their fortification under the Scheme. However, some of the States need to improve the level of utilization of funds under the S cheme.Revision of Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme in February, 2005.The level of reimbursement under the Scheme has been raised from 50% to 100% and new items like insurance scheme for police personnel, community policing, rehabilitation of surrendered naxalites, expenditure incurred on publicity to counter propaganda of naxalites, other security related items not covered under the Police Modernization Scheme etc., have been covered. The Scheme also allows sac of funds to the naxal affected States as advance. It is hoped that the revised scheme will enable higher level of utilization of funds under this Scheme.Supply of Mine protected VehiclesKeeping in view the increased casualties of police personnel due to IED/land mine blasts, the naxal affected States have been provided Mine Protected Vehicles (MPVs) under the Police Modernization Scheme. Their supply has been streamlined by taking up the matter with the Chairman, Ordinance Factory Board.Long-term deployment of Cent ral Para Military resultsIn order to supplement the efforts of the States in providing an effective response to the naxal violence, Central Para Military Forces have been deployed on a long-term basis as requested by the affected States. The Central Government has also exempted the states from the payment of cost of deployment of these forces for a period of three years from 1-7-2004 involving an amount of nearly Rs. 1,100 crores.India Reserve BattalionsThe naxal affected States have been sanctioned India Reserve (IR) battalions mainly to strengthen security apparatus at their level as also to enable the States to provide gainful employment to the youth, particularly in the naxal areas. Recently, additional IR battalions have also been approved for the naxal affected States. The Central Government will now provide Rs. 20.75 crores per IR battalion as against the earlier amount of Rs. 13 crores per battalion. The States have been asked to expedite raising of these battalions.Deploym ent of SSB along Indo-Nepal BorderIn order to ensure that there is no spillover effect of the activities of Nepalese Maoists to our territory, SSB has been given the responsibility to guard Indo-Nepal Border. The Government has also recently sanctioned new raisings for the SSB to further improve management of borders in these areas. A modernization plan involving an outlay of Rs.444 crores has also been sanctioned for the SSB.Recruitment in Central Para Military ForcesIn order to wean away the potential youth from the path to militancy or naxalism, recruitment guidelines have been revised to permit 40% recruitment in Central Para Military Forces from the border areas and areas affected by militancy or naxalism.Backward Districts Initiative (BDI)Since the naxalite menace has to be addressed on the developmental front also, the Central Government has provided financial assistance of Rs. 2,475 crores for 55 naxal affected districts in the 9 States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh , Orissa, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh West Bengal under the Backward Districts Initiative (BDI) component of the Rsahtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY). Under this Scheme, an amount of Rs. 15 crores per year has been given to each of the districts for three years so as to fill in the critical gaps in physical and social development in the naxal affected areas. The Planning mission has been requested to include other naxal affected areas under their proposed Scheme of Backward Regions Grant Funds (BRGF) for which an outlay of Rs. 5,000 crores has been set apart from this fiscal year (2005-06) onwards.Tribal and Forest elated issuesIn order to address the areas of disaffection among the tribals, the Government has introduced the Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) Bill, 2005, in Parliament on 13.12.2005. Further, to facilitate social and physical infrastructure in the forest areas, Ministry of Environment and Forests has, as requested by the MHA, iss ued general approval to allow such infrastructure by utilising upto 1 hectare of forest land for non-forest purposes. That Ministry has also permitted upgradation of kutcha roads constructed prior to 01.09.1980 into pucca roads.Effective implementation of land reforms and creation of employment opportunities in the naxal areasNaxal groups have been raising mainly land and livelihood related issues. If land reforms are taken up on priority and the landless and the poor in the naxal areas are allotted surplus land, this would go a long way in tackling the developmental aspects of the naxal problem. The States have been requested to focus greater caution on this area as also accelerate developmental activities and create employment opportunities in the naxal affected areas with special focus on creation of physical infrastructure in terms of roads, communication, power as also social infrastructure such as schools, hospitals etc.6. MONITORING MECHANISMSThe Central Government accords a very high priority to review and monitor the naxal site and the measures being taken by the states on both security and development fronts to control it. Several monitoring mechanisms have been set up at the focus on to do so. These include a periodical review by the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) Of the naxal situation, Standing Committee of the Chief Ministers of the naxal affected states chaired by the Union Home Minister, Quarterly Coordination Center meetings chaired by the Union Home Secretary with the Chief Secretaries and the Directors General of Police of the affected states and the monthly Task Force meetings of Nodal Officers of naxal affected states/Central agencies chaired by Special Secretary (IS), MHA. The states have also been asked to hold a monthly review by the DGP and the naxal situation and the measures and strategies to contain the naxal problem .7. CONCLUSIONThe Central Government views the naxalite menace as an area of serious concern. The Government remains firmly committed and determined to address the problem. The current strategy is (i) to strengthen intelligence set-up at the state level (ii) pursue effective and sustained intelligence driven police action against naxalites and their infrastructure individually and jointly by the states and (iii) accelerate development in the naxal affected areas. The Central Government will continue to coordinate and supplement the efforts to the state governments on both security and development fronts to meet the challenge posed by the naxal problem.PART IV CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OFPSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONSThe essential function of psychological operation is to insure peace and avoidance of human suffering due to war.Raj NarainGeneralLiuebarger states that Psychological Warfare is waged before, during and after war, it is not waged against the opposing psychological state of war operators, it is not controlled by the laws, usage and customs of war and it cannot be defined in terms of te rrain, order of battle, or named engagements. It is a continuous process. Success or loser is often known single months or years after the execution of the operation. Yet, success, though incalculable can be overwhelming and failure, though undetectable can be mortal. Statecraft instruments of economic and military interventions are physical and measurable. The instrument of diplomacy and psychology are obstructs which dwell in the realm of intellectual and turned on(p) state of mankind. These instruments are used to win the hearts and mind.History of Psychological operationsOne of the earliest know application of the art of psychological war was Gideons use of the lamp and pitchers in the battle against Midianites in 1245 BC. This type of use of unfamiliar instruments to incite panic in the enemy is common in thehistory of warfare. In China, Empire usurper Wsng Mang tried to destroy the Hunnishtribes. Han military emperor used animals to scare away the enemy. In about the same time, AD 2000, a group of loyalist pro Han rebels issued a proclamation on the eve of a military operation, which is even today the essence of psychological operation. The proclamation included denomination the specific enemy.Appeal to the better people.Sympathy for the common people.Claim of support for the legitimate government.Affirmation of ones own strength and high morale.Invocation of unity.Appeal to religion.Probably, this was the first off authentic structured psychological operations dictum. These forms a part of a text in Chinese, titled Chung, San Kuo Chih Yen-I by Lo Kuan translated as San Kuo or Romance of the three kingdom, by Brewitt Taylor. The concepts of psychological warfare are found in the writings of Herodotus the Greek historian. Ghenghis Khan during his campaign into South Eastern Europe used agents to break up stories of the size of the army to magnify his strength in the minds of the enemy. In the Byzantine Empire, whole battalions were made to change u niforms and appear in front of select audiences in an attempt to exaggerate numbers. Closer home, the Ramayan and Mahabharat have vivid example of Psychological Warfare in the form of misinformation and guile, the killing of Abhimanyu and Drona being two such examples.The way out of Hebertss The Psychology of the Battlefield (1897) though still born, was the forerunner of modern psychological warfare. It was in World War I, to incite the challenge of soldiers leaving the battlefield, that psychological warfare sawits true advent in the modern battlefield. During the inter war period the study in this field continued. Particularly, the Germans effort in establishing a Psychological Genera Staff Group which worked on themes such as leadership, selection, indoctrination, relation between officer and soldiers, homesickness, suicide, sex, the treatment of eccentrics, cowardice, desertion etc. The psychology of combat included work on aggression, morale, fear isolation and panic. During World War II military psychology was in centre stage. It saw application in the battlefield, on own troops as also on the warring nations civilian population. All this time, application of psychological operation in terrorism and other forms of low intensity conflict have been unstructured. While a lot of work in this field is being carried out, no formalised stratagem has evolved.Definition of Psychological operationsLiuebarger defines psychological warfare as the use of propaganda against an army, together with such other operational measures of military, economic or political nature as may be required to supplement propaganda. Indian Army glossary is more apt in defining psychological operations It is the planned use of propaganda and other measures, designed to influence the opinions, emotions, attitude and behaviour of enemy, neutrals or friendly groups, in support of current policy and aims, or of a military plan.Need for Psychological OperationsEven in territorial states the menace of terrorism cannot be wiped out by state muscle power alone, but reconciling with the political, cultural, economic aspirations of minorities. It would only than be feasible to isolate the misguided terrorist from public sympathy and social mainstream. West German GSG 9 strategy to hunt down Boader Mainboff group was kill the killer and it failed. The lack of success of GSG 9 was mainly due to the fact that Boader-Mainboff Group was small with little or no mass support, however, GSG 9 also did not find public acceptance of the strategy adopted. Terrorism uses the plank of psychology to gain acceptance of their cause. Therefore, countering the psychological impact of terrorism and strengthening the endurance of the people to resist and fight terrorism are the most significant aspects of overall operations against terrorism. In the grand strategy of a campaign against terrorism, success in this sphere is more vital than even the police operations.The very nature of anti terro rist operations results in a number of counter productive consequences Disproportionate use of force levels.Repressive methods leading to loss of civil liberties and in some cases fundamental rights.Injury and even loss of life of innocents. commodious physical damage and more harmfully damage to the very socio-economic fabric of a society.The alternative strategy is the use of psychological operation as a compliment to reduce the virulence of military operations. Psychological operations have some distinct advantages in combating terrorism. As enumerated by Liuebarger, these are-(a) Bring to attention of the soldier those elements of the human mind, which are usually kept out of sight. Convert lust to resentment, friction to distrust, prejudice to fury.(b) Set up techniques for finding out how the enemy really feel. Some of the worst blunders of history have arisen from miscalculation of the enemies state of mind.Help in maintaining sense of mission and of proportion.Examine the be st media, timing and tone.Psychological operations are non-aggressive and non-lethal in nature. Unlike p

The Life Of Konstantin Serseyevich Stanislavski Film Studies Essay

The Life Of Konstantin Serseyevich Stanislavski Film Studies EssayThe American sphere is distinction throughout the world for its playperforming and glamour. It has its beginnings in the early Eighteenth Century and was notably introduced by The Hallams in the year 1752. Though the performing at the age was noted to be above par, there was still room for improvement. Additionally, there was the lack of proper acting orders or procedures which would help histrions to improve their acting. Although today the American theatre is widely known throughout the world for the production of thought provoking as hale as entertaining plays, it should be noted that this is collectable to early pioneers of recent acting.One such pioneer is Konstantin Sergeyevich Stanislavski. Many of the current thespians consider acting techniques before the innovation of Konstantin s universal dust to be archaic. Close research, thus shall be paid to this revolutionary theory in this paper and this is necessary when focusing on the evolution of theatre to its current level. In early acting productions, especially those of social signifance, it is noted that most of the acting techniques were based on Stanislavsky s Moscow dodge theatre. Hence, it can be verbalise that most of modern acting ideas and practices were drawn from Stanislavsky.This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis into the life of Konstantin Serseyevich Stanislavski. It will include research into argonas such as his biography and the acting methods that he developed. Additionally, it will include research on how he influenced the acting industry both during his life clock and by and by his death. Moreover, it will include his fulfillments as well as the contri besidesions that he make towards modern acting. An understanding of the American theatre is essential for development of the need industry.BiographyKonstantin (or Constantin) Sergeyevich Stanislavsky was natural in Moscow on January 5th 1863 during the transition from the serfdom of Czar-ruled Russia under Peter the Great, to the free enterprise of the Industrial revolution. Stanislavsky s father was a manu itemurer plot his mother was born of a French actress. He is renowned for having impacted or influenced the acting process more than anyone else in the twentieth century.His acting c arer began when Stanislavski was 14. At that time he joined a mental representation group known as the Alekyseyev circle in which he soon became the main attraction. During the late 1800s, his acting change and soon he was producing and directing plays. For Konstantin, existence brought up by a wealthy father meant that he did not experience financial hindrances during his early branch performance days. In 1885, at age 25, he adopted the stage name Stanislavsky and a while later, established the Society of Art and Literature at the Maly Theatre, where he got experience in ethics, aesthetics and stagecraft.It wasn t long before he began to question and pose challenges to the traditional stage approach. In 1888, he officially married Maria Perevoshchikova who was a school teacher. She eventually became his devoted disciple and a gifted actress. She went by the name Lilina. In 1898, together with Vladimir Nemirovich Danchenko, Stanislavsky founded the Moscow Art Theatre, Russia s first ensemble theatre. Vladimir was responsible for administrative and literary matters while Stanislavsky catered for production and stage. In this condenser, he was not only stern, but also hardline in training of instruments. He was strict on the genuineness of the performance on stage.The theatre emphasized on a realistic presentation and assist to every minute detail of a production. Consequent productions became legendary under the careful, often autocratic, direction of Stanislavski, achieving classical status in the coming years. Apart from creation an actor, a theatre director, coach and a successful businessman, Stanislavsky was also a teacher.Stanislavsky is renowned for developing the Stanislavsky system/method which is a theory of acting. In it, he explained that actors had to achieve an unrestrained identification with their characters, while at the same time remaining independent of the role in order to help it to the needs of the play. In a nutshell, Stanislavsky demanded the reproduction of genuine emotions at every performance in order to fully convey the character s emotions.As both a director and actor, Stanislavsky showed an amazing subtlety in rendering mental patterns and a rare gift for satirical characterization. He eventually became a dominant influence on the Russian elite of the time. In 1912, he founded the First Studio. This is where many of his innovations were adopted by many upcoming actors.On October 29, 1928, Stanislavsky suffered a heart attack while acting in The Three Sisters during the Moscow Art Theatre s 30th anniversary. From then on, he put acting aside and focused on directing and educating actors and directors alike for the rest of his life.Stanislavski died on August 7th 1938, upright before the start of World War II, maintaining the ideal of a peaceful, socially respectable world. mode playactingMethod acting can be explained as an approach to acting based on the idea that an actor should have an emotional identification with their characters. This is important to come up with an enticing film. For the purposes of production several methods have been applied in a bid to expound on film science.Stanislavski viewed the theatre especially that of Russia to be one whose function is not only to entertain but to affect the audience directly with the life of the theatre.Method acting strives to aid actors develop a sincere and deeply felt performances. Vital features of method acting are derived from the work of Konstantin. He formulated an approach that dealt with the psychological and emotional aspects of acting.In his argument, Stanislavsky ma intained that the core business for an actor was to be believable rather than to be understood. Stanislavsky implemented methods such as emotional entrepot to achieve this believable truth . In this case, he suggested that for a performer to get into character where he or she is expected to be frightened, the performer had to echo an occurrence in which they experienced fear, and physically reenact the fear that they felt when acting. Stanislavski further emphasized the need for an actor to take their own personality on stage when playing a character. This was in contrast to earlier methods of acting which encouraged the actor to become the character putting their emotions at bay.Method acting is the most common approach by most modern actors. The actor tries to think and feel the same way as what the character would. Stanislavsky protested against the old look of acting where emotional rhetoric and non-stylized props, sets and costumes were used. Instead, he chose to show a diff erent form of drama realism. In this setting, the dialogue involved more of everyday speech.another(prenominal) distinct feature of method acting is that the actors perform to each other rather than to the audience. The play unfolds on stage in such a personal manner that to the audience, it is as if one wall to a house is transparent or invisible so they can satisfy what is unfolding inside. Therefore, the actors perform without acknowledging the presence of the audience. In Stanislavsky s theory/method, the actor strives to achieve several objectives.Firstly, the actor aims to project the character s actions making them seemingly natural and convincing. Secondly, the actor is supposed to exhibit the character s inner drive, that is, their aims or objectives. Third, develop the character convincingly. Then most importantly, the ability and willingness to work as a team with fellow actors.Acting exercises and activitiesActors implementing the Stanislavsky system perform several exercises to generally improve their performance on stage. Relaxation exercises are primarily designed to help the performer to release strain and anxiety and to make the use of their limbs and voices effortless and fluid. Some actors achieve this through yoga. During yoga, the body and mind are in state of calm, balance and tranquility and this enables the actor to be whatever character they are required to be.Concentration exercises are designed to help nurture the performer s ability to concentrate on an event, person or object on stage. Stanislavsky referred to the specific points of this focus as circles of attention . Actors focus on an object or position/location and bear with it their utmost attention ignoring everything else. For this type of exercise, the actor can be through with(p) in numerous different ways. For instance, the actor can recite the alphabet rearward severally, or engage in a more challenging exercise that demands concentration.Observation is an acquir ed skill. The performers are required to observe different people from various backgrounds and ages. From this observation, they are expected to analyze how the subjects go along their daily business and then incorporate those details into their performances. An actor can easily and frequently engage in observation exercises. For example, an actor can try to remember the model, color and number plates, gender and approximate age of the drivers of vehicles passing at a street or outside their apartment.One such acting exercise developed by Konstantin Stanislavski was the Magic If Exercise. It basically requires the actor to question himself in order to proper assimilate the character s role that the actor will be playing. A sample of the exercise is as follows1. (Magic If) Sit, stand and walk with justification. (Sit by the window to see why there was shouting on the adjacent street. Sit in order to read the paper. Stand in order to better see the gravel of shouting. Stand in order to stretch one s legs. Walk to take a walk. Walk to see what the commotion was all about.Stanislavski influence on the film/theatre industry during his timeThe Seagull a play produced by Anton Chekhov had been a failure in its original production in St Petersburg in 1896. However, and with a lot of challenges, Stanislavsky was authorized by Chekhov to restage it. Under Stanislavsky s and Danchenko s direction, The Seagull became a success, catapulting Moscow Art Theatre as a spick-and-span force in the world stage.This led to the acknowledgement of Chekhov as a great playwright whereas afterward the failure of The Seagull during its debut, Chekhov had vowed neer to write again. Consequently, after the success of The seagull , Chekhov wrote, The Three Sisters (1901) and the The Cherry Orchard (1903) exclusively for the Moscow Art Theatre. Were it not for Stanislavsky, it is safe to assume that Chekhov s career would have never made a come-back and the world would have been robbed of such a great playwright as Chekhov.Apart from helping actors get in touch with the conceit of showing genuine emotions and feelings on stage breaking from the old system where the actor kept strictly to the exact words and actions dictated on script, Stanislavsky s method of acting also demanded that they acknowledge the unsaid messages within the script. This in turn influenced playwrights like Chekhov to make a change in their mode of indite in order to accommodate more elusive emotionally engaging work.In 1902 Stanislavski continued with his success streak when he staged Maksim Gorky s The junior Bourgeois and The Lower Depths. Stanislavsky played several powerful roles including Astrov in Uncle Vanya in 1899 and Gayev in The Cherry Orchard by Chekhov in 1904 Doctor Stockman in Henrik Ibsen s An Enemy of the People in 1900 and Satin in The Lower Depths. In these roles, Stanislavsky made yet another great contribution to theatre by being a great actor and setting the bar fo r young actors. He was shaping the world of acting not only as a director, but also as an accomplished actor in his own right. In 1912, Stanislavsky founded the First Studio and there, his models and ideas were undertaken by many young actors.By 1918, Stanislavsky was managing the Bolshoi Opera Studio, which was later named after him. In 1922, he staged Eugene Onegin by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky at the Bolshoi Opera Studio which was accredited as a major reform in opera. Stanislavsky made tremendous contribution in not only stage theatre, but also through excellent performance at the opera, sparked what may be termed as a revolution in opera at the time.Stanislavski realized that theatre was at its best when profound emotions content was in tandem with expressive theatrical form and oversaw the production of William Shakespeare s Twelfth Night in 1917 at the First Studio.From 1922 to 1924, Stanislavsky and the Moscow Art Theatre toured Europe and the United States. During this tour, Stanislavsky went in the capacity of the director and leading actor. He also, of course as the founder, had an administrative position in the group. As Stanislavsky travelled the world and introduced his system wherever they toured, many verbalized great interest in his system. Therefore, he also contributed greatly in helping spread his system across the world and creating awareness among the circles of film and theatre at the time. It was also during this time that he wrote his autobiography which he called My Life in Art.Stanislavski went on to stage Aleksandr Ostrovsky s An Ardent Heart in 1926 and The conjugal union of Figaro by Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais in 1927. The latter demonstrated very bold causes at theatricality.What proved to mark a milestone in the soviet theatre was outfit Train 14-69 which was V.V. Ivanov s play about the Russian Revolution in 1927.Stanislavski continued his experiments and more research on finding what he termed as a conscious means to the sub-conscious which basically meant the search for an actor s emotions. In 1935, with the advantage of modern scientific research on the interaction of the brain and the body, he started on his final approach called method of physical actions. This approach was based on emotional creativity. It demanded that the actors assimilate the character s physical and psychological emotions at any given time. This approach also had another impact. It influenced the playwright s writing and structuring of the play.Stanislavsky s influence on the film/theatre industry after his timeAfter the death of Stanislavsky, his work was advanced by Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio from the 1940s. The success of Stanislavsky s work was clearly shown in the fact that some of the most successful actors/performers even after his death, had been educated using his system, being Strasberg s students. Some of those now renowned actors include Al Pacino, Marilyn Monroe, capital of Minnesota Newman, Ro bert De Niro, Alec Baldwin, and Dennis Hopper, just to name a few. Therefore, it is no assumption that Stanislavsky has had a tremendous impact on the film/theatre industry to this day.When a comparison is done between Lee Strasberg and Konstantin Stanislavsky s method, it is noted that Lee s method is heavily influenced by Affective Memory. Stella Adler, who was taught the Method of Physical Action, introduced Lee Strasberg to the new system or method of physical action. Lee who understood the differences rejected the method. He insisted that acting was recollection of emotion. However, it should be noted that Lee Strasberg was based on Stanislavsky s approach. Lee was a student of Boleslavski, the founder of the American Laboratory theatre, who was originally taught by Constantine Stanislavski.The famous actor Charlie Chaplin was quoted as saying that Stanislavski s book, An actor Prepares, tells what an actor needs to inspire himself or herself to profoundly express his emotions. Many other actors acknowledge that his books on acting preparation have been inspiring and his Universal Method has greatly impacted on their acting.Based on Stanislavski s system, many more approaches have been formulated by scholars over the years. Many of these are just a variation of Stanislavsky s system. Nevertheless, they have factored in new trends and colossal changes in the film and theatre industry since the 20s while trying to improve and defecate on the ideas of Stanislavsky making his system a kind of a framework on which many more innovations are designed to serve specific demands in a performance, or to formulate universally sound approaches to better performance by actors. Research has been carried out on the various works of Stanislavski in an attempt to better understand and implement his universal system. The system which he innovated is also the basis for which many modern acting schools were formed.Research has also shown that method acting is widely practice d among modern American actors. His theories are the used during study by many actors, some of who have become very successful. With Stanislavski s method acting approach still being taught in many acting schools his model is still very much in use in the modern world and has had impeccable effects on performance both in film and theatre.His books are crucial reading materials for aspiring actors and are used in many acing schools. His works (plays and theatre films) are subject to critical study and analysis in modern acting and film-making schools.His mansion in Moscow is shortly a public museum and research centre containing the original manuscripts written by Stanislavski, his library collection and the collection of theatre costumes and stage sets used by Stanislavski.summaryStanislavski s life was wholly emerged in acting. He devoted himself to perfecting his acting skills and of those around him. His mentors and coaches can be regarded as inspiring him and pushing him into vi sualizing and eventually realizing this dream.Stanislavski not only produced a system that was adopted by actors the world over, he was also a revered playwright, actor as well as director. His leading light works which are now classics, many of which were adapted into black and white films includeStanislasvski s single handedly changed the acting world by the introduction of seemingly simple methods. By many actors he is regarded as the father of acting. He taught actors the simple fact that in order to properly depict the character they are acting, it is necessary for the actor to fit himself in the actors shoes, thus his universal system. By the use of simple techniques, Stanislavski s was able to completely remodel how actors prepare for themselves.His contributions to the acting world can indeed not be ignored for without him the current acting scene would not be as captivating as it is now. Thus, Stanislavski has contributed greatly towards the evolution of modern acting throu gh his universal method. His books, his films, and his universal system have enabled actors to greatly improve their own acting and are highly regarded in the acting world.

Comparing the Country Estate in Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park :: comparison compare contrast essays

Importance of the Country Estate in Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park The cosmos of Jane Austens novels is a world of the country realm. Her central characters are members of the parish or landed gentry and their lives and adventures often circle around the local estate and the people who live there. One of Austens main(prenominal) literary principles was to write only near the things she knew about in her own life, and the world of the landed gentry was one to which she had access. However the country estate in her novels serves a greater purpose than that of a mere background to the lives of her characters. Austen uses the country estate to give the reader an insight into the personalities of her characters, and as a way of discussing political, ghostlike and aesthetic ideas of the period. One of the most explicit functions of the country estate in both Prideand Prejudice and Mansfield Park is that of mirroring the character of its owners and Inhabitants and thus of providing a symbolic histrionics of their values and traits of personality. When Elizabeth Bennet visits Pemberley, she is impressed by what she sees It was a large, handsome stone building, standing well on rising ground, and backed by a cover of high woody hills - and in front, a stream of some natural importance was swelled into greater, but without any(prenominal) artificial appearance. Its banks were neither formal, nor falsely adorned. Elizabeth was delighted. She had never seen a place for which nature had through with(p) more, or where natural beauty had been so little counteracted by an awkward taste. (p.267) This comment occurs at a put when Elizabeth is being forced to reconsider her opinions of Darcy. She has already read his reply to Wickhams slurs on his character, but still believes Darcy to be a man of excessive pride, a judgement which is overturned during her visit to Pemberley, and this view of the estate is the first stage of her transformation of opini on. The information which the author gives us enables us to start challenging our assumptions about Darcy, and engage the process which is occurring within the mind of Elizabeth. This description of the estate gives us information about many aspects of Darcys character. The beauty of the house and grounds make us sprightliness that perhaps he has justification for any pride he displays.Comparing the Country Estate in Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park comparison contrast contrast essays Importance of the Country Estate in Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park The world of Jane Austens novels is a world of the country estate. Her central characters are members of the parish or landed gentry and their lives and adventures often circle around the local estate and the people who live there. One of Austens main literary principles was to write only about the things she knew about in her own life, and the world of the landed gentry was one to which she had access. However the country estate in her novels serves a greater purpose than that of a mere background to the lives of her characters. Austen uses the country estate to give the reader an insight into the personalities of her characters, and as a way of discussing political, religious and aesthetic ideas of the period. One of the most obvious functions of the country estate in both Prideand Prejudice and Mansfield Park is that of mirroring the character of its owners and Inhabitants and thus of providing a symbolic representation of their values and traits of personality. When Elizabeth Bennet visits Pemberley, she is impressed by what she sees It was a large, handsome stone building, standing well on rising ground, and backed by a ridge of high woody hills - and in front, a stream of some natural importance was swelled into greater, but without any artificial appearance. Its banks were neither formal, nor falsely adorned. Elizabeth was delighted. She had never seen a place for which nature had done more, or where natural beauty had been so little counteracted by an awkward taste. (p.267) This description occurs at a point when Elizabeth is being forced to reconsider her opinions of Darcy. She has already read his reply to Wickhams slurs on his character, but still believes Darcy to be a man of excessive pride, a belief which is overturned during her visit to Pemberley, and this view of the estate is the first stage of her transformation of opinion. The information which the author gives us enables us to start challenging our assumptions about Darcy, and follow the process which is occurring within the mind of Elizabeth. This description of the estate gives us information about many aspects of Darcys character. The beauty of the house and grounds make us feel that perhaps he has justification for any pride he displays.

A Lesson Before Dying :: essays research papers

The lady that appears after the first 100 pages of the book turns come to the fore to be Vivian, agree&8217s secret lover. Grant and Vivian take a walk and after their walk they visit Grant&8217s aunt, aunt Emma. aunt Emma and her friends are very fond of Vivian and they give her many compliments. Aunt Emma, and the reverend go to visit Jefferson and they find that Grant&8217s previous account of Jefferson&8217s recovery was lie Jefferson still eats and behaves like a &8220hog. Aunt Emma and the reverend confront Grant regarding his faulty account of Jefferson&8217s recovery. Once again, Grant visits Jefferson and tries to convince him that he is not a hog and he is a man. After a couple more visits from the ladies and Grant, the chapter ends discharge with the whole town ceremonial a Christmas play on the birth of Jesus. After the play, Grant is tired of watching the same play and seeing the same people dressed in the same kinds of clothing year after year.The hermeneutic view means the dominant interpretation to a text. In &8220A Lesson Before Dying, they end off the chapter with a Christmas play about the birth of Jesus. This is significant because Christmas to Christian&8217s is a symbol of birth. This could mean that there might be new go for for Jefferson. This is because Jefferson is currently on death row. Christmas does not symbolize death, but symbolizes birth. This could mean that Jefferson could get a new chance in life or at least will not be executed in the near future. Another important point is that everyone knew that this play is dedicated to Jefferson/. This could mean that the whole familiarity is praying for Jefferson. The reverend started to pray and asked God to watch over everyone including the ones in jail who were innocent or guilty. At the end of this, Grant says, &8220Vivian said things were changing. But where were they changing? This is an important quote because Vivian might be implying that racism is beginning to stop, but Grant cannot see these changes. He only sees racism as a relegate of life.According to the political view, there is a hierarchical structure underneath the construction of race. When Grant has a talk with his teacher, his teacher said, &8220I am superb to you. I am superior to any man blacker than me. His teacher is possibly implying that lighter skin color is racially superior in society.